22
Loss-of-control in single-vehicle crashes
32
also had a relatively high target population and
fatality rate,
33
but were not included because, aside from electronic stability control (ESC)
systems, which are mandated,
34
the Agency is not aware of an ADAS technology that effectively
prevents this crash type and also meets NHTSA’s criteria for inclusion in NCAP at this time.
35
Of the pre-crash typologies included in NHTSA’s March 2019 study, rear-end collisions
were found to be the most common crash type with an annual average of 1,703,541 crashes.
Rear-end collisions represented 29.4 percent of all annual crashes (5,799,883), followed by lane
keeping typologies (1,126,397 crashes or 19.4 percent), and those relating to blind spot detection
(503,070 crashes or 8.7 percent). Backing crashes (148,533) represented 2.6 percent of all
crashes, followed by forward pedestrian crashes (111,641) at 1.9 percent.
Rear-end collisions also had the highest number of Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale
(MAIS)
36
1-5 injuries at 883,386, which represented 31.5 percent of all non-fatal injuries
(2,806,260) in Table A-1. Lane keeping crashes had the second highest number of injuries at
479,939 (17.1 percent), as shown in Table A-2, and blind spot crashes had the third highest at
188,304 (6.7 percent), as shown in Table A-3. These typologies were followed by forward
pedestrian crashes at 3.7 percent and backing crashes at 1.3 percent, as shown in Table A-4.
37, 38
32
Crash scenarios were categorized by the first sequence of a crash event. Target crashes for a technology (e.g.,
lane-keeping crashes) were a collective of crash scenarios that are relevant to the technology. The Loss-of-control
in single-vehicle scenario was defined as crashes where the first event was initiated by a passenger vehicle, and the
event was coded as jackknife or traction loss. This crash scenario is mutually exclusive from those included in the
lane-keeping crashes.
33
Loss-of-control in single-vehicle crashes are about 1% of crashes and associated with 3% of fatalities.
34
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 126.
35
In its 2019 report, Volpe categorized 9 percent (470,733) of all light vehicle crashes (5,480,886) occurring from
2011 through 2015 as control loss crashes. Furthermore, 18 percent (4,456) of all fatal crashes (25,350) were due to
control loss.
36
The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is a classification system for assessing impact injury severity developed and
published by the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine and is used for coding single injuries,
assessing multiple injuries, or for assessing cumulative effects on more than one injury. AIS ranks individual
injuries by body region on a scale of 1 to 6 where 1=minor, 2=moderate, 3=serious, 4=severe, 5=critical, and
6=maximum (untreatable). MAIS represents the maximum injury severity, or AIS level, recorded for an occupant
(i.e., the highest single AIS for a person with one or more injuries). MAIS 0 means no injury.
37
The study uses the term “impacts” but for consistency purposes, NCAP uses the term “crashes” in this paragraph.
38
The Agency notes that the highest number of serious injuries (i.e., MAIS 3 – 5 injuries) were recorded for lane
keeping crashes (21,282 or 0.76 percent of all non-fatal injuries), followed by rear-end crashes (17,918 or 0.64